Prevalence and determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women in India: an analysis of National Family Health Survey Data.

BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes with its first recognition during pregnancy. GDM is a high-risk maternal and neonatal condition which increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes in mothers and their infants. It is essential to detect and treat GDM since its inception when mothers suffer from Type 1 diabetes while carrying the foetus during the gestational period. METHODS: The study analysed individual data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) surveyed in 2015-2016 (4th round) and 2019-2021 (5th round) covering a total of approximately 6 lakhs and 7 lakhs women, respectively. Among them, 32,072 women in 2015-2016 and 28,187 in 2019-2021 were pregnant, of whom 180 women in 2014-2015 and 247 women in 2019-2021 had diabetes during their gestational periods, allowing the percentage prevalence calculation of GDM. The analysis of Poisson regression estimates examined the socioeconomic and demographic risk factors for GDM among pregnant women. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of GDM in women showed an increase from 0.53% in 2015-16 to 0.80% in 2019-20 at the national level, and a similar increase in many states of India was witnessed, with a few exceptions. The GDM prevalence has shown a gradient over age, with a low prevalence in 15-19- and 25-29-year-olds and the highest prevalence in 40-44-year-olds. Concerning the rural and urban divide, its prevalence in both urban and rural areas has increased from 0.61 to 0.85% and 0.51 to 0.78% between 2015 and 16 and 2019-21. The results of the Poisson regression analysis reveal that older adults with high Body Mass Index (BMI), thyroid disorder, and heart disease have a greater risk of GDM among pregnant women in India. The states of Kerala, Meghalaya, and Goa show a high prevalence of GDM. CONCLUSION: The low prevalence of GDM may not be clinically significant but has negative repercussions on the mother and her child cannot be overlooked. Thus, it is essential to curb GDM since its inception and save a generation ahead from the risk of diabetes and other diseases.

A Clinicopathological and Immunohistochemical Profile of Primary Extra Mammary Paget's Disease in Skin of Colour: A Case Series.

Extramammary Paget's disease is an intraepithelial neoplasm, usually found in areas rich in apocrine gland concentration. The clinical features, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and management details of five patients (F = 3, M = 2) have been described here. While a well-defined persistent plaque with crusting and erosion was the most common presentation, hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation and depigmentation were also observed in two patients. Characteristic Paget's cells with cytokeratin 7 and EMA positivity were seen on histopathology examination. Authors conclude that pigmentary alterations may be under-reported in extra mammary Paget's disease in the skin of colour.

Population Aging in India: A Micro-Level Estimate Using Gridded Population Data.

As population aging continues to become a major demographic trend globally, it is essential to examine the demographic shifts at the micro-level to understand the changing scenario of older populations. A lack of adequate data in India on older populations is a hindrance to the government's efforts to provide social security for them. This study uses gridded population data to analyze the spatial patterns, micro-level trends, and the share of older populations in India for 2030 and 2040. The study's findings demonstrate that India has seen a dramatic shift in population aging trends, with large intra-state variability. The micro-level analysis shows that certain districts have a higher percentage of older people. Further, the share of older populations is predicted to rise considerably over the next two decades. The results highlight the need to shift from national and state-level policies to a more localized approach. The findings provide a comprehensive analysis of population aging at the micro-level in India and highlight the need for targeted policies and programs to ensure the well-being of older populations. The results of this study can inform policymakers in their efforts to provide social security for older people and improve their quality of life.

Depression and Quality of Life among Postmenopausal Women in Bangladesh: A Cross-sectional Study.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the research are to examine the problems of abnormal menopausal women: the relationship between depression and menopausal-specific quality of life (MENQOL)-symptoms among postmenopausal women; the association of MENQOL-symptoms between pre- and postmenopausal female society in Bangladeshi real community. METHODS: This cross sectional study was conducted on 435 women of Tangail, aged (≥ 17) years, using a structured questionnaire where is inaacluded the information of MENQOL and one of the main outcomes "depression" is measured by beck depression inventory. RESULTS: Menopausal status and MENQOL symptoms (except pain) are significantly (P < 0.05) associated. By using post-hoc analysis, the proportion of menopausal women, classified as having a depressive mood of early menopause is significantly higher than natural-menopause. Among postmenopausal women, there is a significant correlation between "concentration problem" and "depression". Here mean depression score (29.40 ± 6.42) of menopausal women who have any difficulty in concentrating is higher than mean depression score (20.89 ± 6.64) of menopausal women who have no difficulty in concentrating. Another six factors (osteoporosis, heart-beating, fatigue, pressure, tingling, headaches) of MENQOL-symptoms were significantly correlated with depression and P-values are 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.033, 0.006, and 0.002, respectively. Finally the presence of "difficulty in concentrating" and "fatigue" are strongly associated factors with depression score (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The early postmenopausal women have to face more psychological problems (e.g., depression) compare to others. Among postmenopausal women, there is no significant relation between depression and vasomotor symptom (e.g., hot-flashes) perspective to menopausal female society of Bangladesh.